Galileo Galilei

 1564 s^{_p-hcn 15þ\v Cäenbnse ]nkm-bn Keo-entbm Keoen P\n-¨p. kwKo-Xm-[ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp¶ hnsk³tkm Keo-enbpw Kznenb A½-\m-Xn-bp-am-bn-cp¶p amXm-]n-Xm-¡Ä.

   bYmÀ°-¯n sSe-kvtIm¸v I­p-]n-Sn-¨Xv Keo-entbm AÃ. F¶m {]mtbmKo-I-amb sSe-kvtIm-¸p-IÄ hnI-kn-¸n-¨Xpw hym]-I-am-¡n-bXpw ]co-£W \nco-£-W-§-Ä \S-¯n-b-Xpw At±-l-am-bn-cp-¶p. tI« hnh-c-§fpw Xsâ kmt¦-XnI anIhpw sIm­v Keo-entbm kz´-ambn A¯-c-sam¶v \nÀan-¨p. 1609 HmK-Ìn F«n-c«n hep-Xm¡n ImWn-¡p¶ Zqc-ZÀin\n \nÀ½n-¨p. ‘s]gvkv]n-knÃw’ F¶mWv Cu D]-I-c-W-¯n\v Keo-entbm t]cn-«-Xv. 1610 tabn sh\o-kn {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ ‘Z sak-©À Hm^v Z ÌmÀkv’ F¶ sNdp ]pkvX-I-¯n-eqsS hymg {Kl-¯nsâ \mep N{µ³amsc Is­-¯nb hnhcw {]Jym-]n-¨p. sPmlm-\kv sI¹-dmWv Ahbv¡v D]-{Klw F¶ t]cp \ÂIn-b-Xv. N{µ-s\-t¸mse ip{I\pw kzbw {]Im-i-an-öpw kqcy-{]-Imiw X«n-bmWv AXv Xnf-§p-¶-sX¶pw At±-lw Is­¯n.`qansbbà kqcy-s\-bmWv {Kl-§Ä hew shbv¡p-¶-Xv F¶phniz-kn¨ Ipä-¯n\v It¯m-en¡ k` At±-ls¯ hnNm-cW sNbvXp. ]qÀ®-ambpw ImgvN \jvS-s¸-«n-cp¶ Keo-entbm ho«p-X-S-¦-en-em-bn-cp¶p hnNm-c-W-¡mew apXÂ. 1642 P\p-hcn F«n\v ^vtfmd³kn-\-Sp-¯pÅ BÀs¡-{Snbnse ho«nÂsh¨v At±lw A´-cn-¨p