temI-¯nse Gähpw hne-a-Xn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xpw
aqey-ta-dn-b-Xp-amb ]c-tam-¶X ]pc-kvIm-c-amWv s\mt_Â k½m\w. cmPytam `mjtbm
PmXntbm aXtam \ndtam t\m¡m-sX-bmWv Hmtcm hÀjhpw s\mt_Â ]pc-kvIm-c-w
k½m-\n-¡p-¶-Xv.1901 apX-emWv s\mt_Âk½m\w \ÂIn-¯p-S-§n-b-Xv. Bdp hn`m-K-§-fn-emWv
s\mt_Â k½m\n¡pI. `uXn-I-im-kv{Xw, ck-X-{´w. sshZy-im-kv{Xw, kmln-Xyw, kam-[m\w
F¶o hnj-b-§-fn-embncp¶q BZy-Im-e-§-fn s\mt_ k½m\w. s\mt_ k½m\w F¶ Bibw
ssU\-anäv Ip-]n-Sn¨ imkv{X-PvR-\mb BÂ{^Uv s\mt_entâXmWv
hen-sbmcp ]Ým-¯m-]-¯n \n¶mWv
s\mt_Â k½m\¯nsâ ]nd-hn. ss\t{Sm¥n-k-dn³ F¶ kvt^mS-I-h-kvXp-hns\
A]-I-S-c-ln-X-amb Jc-]-ZmÀ°-am¡namäp¶-Xn-\pÅ BÂ{^Unsâ Kth-jWw Ah-km-\n-¨Xv
ssU\-anäv Ip-]n-Sp¯-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv. ssU\-anäv
DXv]m-Z\¯neqsS At±lw temI-[-\n-I-cn Hcm-fm-bn-¯oÀ¶p. ]t£ At¸m-tg¡pw ssU\-anäv
]e bp²-§-fnepw Bsf-s¡m-Ãm³ D]-tbmKn¨p XpS-§n-bn-cp-¶p. ssU\-anäv
temI-k-am-[-\-¯n-\p-Xs¶ `oj-Wn-bm-Ip-sa¶ Nn´ BÂ{^Unsâ a\-kn-ep-bÀ¶p. CXnÂ
a\ws\m´ Bt±lw temI-k-am-[m-\-¯n\mbn Fs´-¦nepw sN¿-W-sa-¶m-{K-ln-¨p.
temI-\-·-bv¡pw kam-[m-\-¯n-\pw-thn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-hÀ¡p Xsâ k¼m-Zy-¯nsâ 94% Dw
amän-sh-¡m³ At±lw Xocp-am-\n-¨p. CXn-\mbn hn¸-{Xhpw X¿m-dm-¡n. acW-tijw
hn¸-{X¯n Fgp-Xn-bncn-¡p¶ \nÀtZ-i§Ä bmsXm-cp-am-ähpw IqSmsX ]men¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
1969 apX-emWv
km¼-¯nIimkv{X-¯n\pw s\mt_Â k½m\w \ÂIn-¯p-S-§n-b-Xv. 1968 Â kzoUnjv \mj-WÂ _m¦v
Ah-cpsS ap¶qdmw hmÀjnI-t¯m-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v km¼-¯nIimkv{X-¯nepw s\mt_Â ]pc-kvIm-c-w
\ÂIm³ Xocp-am-\n-¨p.1896 Unkw-_À 10 \mWv BÂ{^Uv s\mt_Â A´-cn-¨-Xv. s\mt_Â k½m\w
FÃm-hÀjhpw Unkw-_À 10 \mW vk½m\n¡p-¶-Xv.